Separate visual space from measured distance.

Pair comparison

Two letter pairs can have the same measured gap but different visual weight. Learners decide which pair feels more open and identify the shapes causing the difference.

Word rhythm

Short words contain one deliberately unstable interval. The learner identifies the problem, rewrites the word and explains whether the improvement came from spacing or letter width.

Join position

A crowded word may be caused by a joining stroke entering too high or too low. Exercises isolate join location before changing the space itself.

Baseline and slant

Later cases show that unstable baseline or slant can mimic a spacing problem. Learners compare all three variables before rewriting.